DPP4 and Insulin resistance: Anti-diabetic medications offering blood glucose control by improving peripheral insulin sensitivity such as metformin, or by increasing insulin secretion such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have demonstrated benefits in beta cell adaptation to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in hIAPP transgenic rodents and short-term improvements in human islet graft function in diabetic mouse recipients44,70–72.