We also demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory mediators in the urinary bladder including neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF, BDNF), chemokines (CXC) and IL-6 expression in the urinary bladder consistent with a large body of literature demonstrating roles for inflammatory mediators in preclinical animal models of and in IC/BPS patients (18, 21–34). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.