IL9 and Alzheimer disease: To validate the functional effect of these changes in gene expression on cellular metabolic phenotype, we stimulated primary neurons with the AD progression signature of IFN-γ, IP-10/CXCL10, and IL-9 and quantified parameters of mitochondrial function through oxygen consumption measurements on the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Agilent) using the Mito Stress Test Assay (“Methods” section).