ALB and heart failure: The odds ratio (OR) for this comparison was 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.91), after adjusting for various covariates including age, gender, marital status, Poverty-Income Ratio (PIR), education, Body Mass Index (BMI), cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack), smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and serum indicators (CRP, albumin, total cholesterol, creatinine).