TNF and Orofacial dyskinesia: After multiple administrations to rats of haloperidol (Bishnoi et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2011; Grover et al., 2013; Thakur et al., 2015; Peroza et al., 2016; Datta et al., 2016; Sonego et al., 2021; Mezzomo et al., 2022), risperidone (Peroza et al., 2016) and reserpine (Soung et al., 2018) striatal TNF-α levels invariably increased, with only in the case of risperidone this exposure not being associated with orofacial dyskinesia (Peroza et al., 2016).