MAPK1 and diabetes mellitus: The AGE-RAGE signaling axis is a well-studied cascade related to a diverse range of diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, and it activates various downstream effector pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and NADPH oxidase signaling cascades, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), consequently resulting in cell damage in AGE-related diseases [79].