INS and diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, being strong glucose regulators, thyroid hormones can play a role in diabetes progression by boosting the expression of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and V-Maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (Mafa) in the pancreas, enabling the rapid maturation and renewal of β-cells, and increasing secretion of insulin in the pancreas, all of which could impact DKD development [7].