As expected from the function of IL-1α and/or TNF on inducing NF-κB signaling, phosphorylated Iκ-Bα (pIκBα) was identified in the newborn RDEB skin, suggesting that NF-κB signaling is initiated before or at birth (Figure 5E). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.