When adjusting for age and CD4+ T-cell count in a multivariate conditional logistic regression model, elevated levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα were strongly and positively associated with increased odds of AIDS-NHL risk: PD-L1 (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.10 – 3.38; p = 0.022), CD40 (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.09 – 3.58; p = 0.025), TNF-RII (OR = 5.06; 95% CI: 1.99 – 12.85; p = 0.001) and/or IL-6Rα (OR = 4.67; 95% CI: 1.40 – 15.53; p = 0.012) (Table 3). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-Hodgkin lymphoma.