TNF and myositis disease: Moreover, many of the cytokines and chemokines elaborated by muscle-infiltrating cells in this model parallel findings from human myositis muscle biopsy specimens demonstrating prominent expression/upregulation of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFNγ as well as CXCL9/10 and CCL 2/3/4/19/21 (34–36) that collectively favor TH1-driven pathology.