Supplementation of L. casei to TB patients during intensive treatment phase resulted in significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12, along with heightened metabolites, such as maresin 1, pyridoxamine, L-saccharopine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine (Jiang et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.