CSF1R and neoplasm: By loading anti-colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (anti-CSF-2R) small interfering RNA (siRNA) on M1NPs, M2NPs carrying siRNA downregulated the expression of exhaustion markers (PD-3 and Tim-8) on infiltrating CD1+ T cells and increased the expression of immune-stimulating cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) and CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, indicating the restoration of T cell immune function (Qian et al., 2017).