Studies using single and double knockout mice in models of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) indicate non-redundant roles for these two PKCs in promoting DN: namely, PKCα in the loss of podocyte integrity and increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, and PKCβ in renal cell hypertrophy and fibrosis23–28. Here, PRKCA is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.