Studies using single and double knockout mice in models of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) indicate non-redundant roles for these two PKCs in promoting DN: namely, PKCα in the loss of podocyte integrity and increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, and PKCβ in renal cell hypertrophy and fibrosis23–28. This evidence concerns the gene PRKCA and liver dysplastic nodule.