In contrast to known Hh meningiomas (those with a SMO, SUFU or PRKAR1A mutation), which are typically found at the midline anterior skull base, 70% (7 of 10) of the primary meningiomas in this subgroup originated from non-skull base locations, and two of the three skull-base meningiomas were found in lateral regions (Supplementary Data 6). Here, SMO is linked to skull base meningioma.