In confirmation of these data, transplantation of human AML cells with varying genetic backgrounds (Supplementary Fig. 20f, Supplementary Table 7) into NSG mice treated with the combination of ara-C with NPS-2143 (Fig. 6g) significantly reduced leukocytes (Fig. 6h) and led to a non-significantly lower percentage of human CD45+ (Fig. 6i) or possibly a trend towards lower CD33+ cells (Supplementary Fig. 20g) in PB, when compared to mice treated with ara-C alone. The gene discussed is CD33; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.