Human DYRK1A is encoded in the Down Syndrome Critical Region in chromosome 21 (Galceran et al, 2003; Hämmerle et al, 2003), and higher expression of DYRK1A is responsible for most of the phenotypes including intellectual disability of Down syndrome patients (Altafaj et al, 2001). The gene discussed is DYRK1A; the disease is Down syndrome.