TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Some scholars have confirmed that PM2.5 leads to pulmonary fibrosis by inducing ferroptosis through the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway (Guo et al. 2022) and causes decreased reproductive function in adolescent male rats by inducing DNA damage and ferroptosis through oxidative stress (Shi et al. 2022).