IFIH1 and infection: ZIKV NS4A has been shown to antagonize interferon induction via interactions with the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), which are cytosolic RNA sensors that sense viral RNAs during infection and trigger signaling pathways resulting in the production of type I interferon (type I IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines (19, 20).