AKR1C1 and neoplasm: LC-MS analysis of steroids isolated from tumor homogenates showed that intratumoral concentration of testosterone and DHT significantly increased in LNCaPSEMA3C tumors compared to LNCaPvector tumors (Fig. 7C), consistent with the induction of key steroidogenic enzymes, STAR, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, AKR1C3, HSD17B3, and SRD5A1, along with the downregulation of androgen-inactivating enzymes AKR1C1, AKR1C2, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15 by SEMA3C.