PTEN and fragile X syndrome: It has been hypothesized that ASD results in disruption of the neuronal activity that regulates mRNA translation and synaptic plasticity, as represented by many single gene ASD syndromes associated with disruption of mRNA translation (e.g., PTEN, FXS, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-TSC, and Neurofibromatosis-NF; Kelleher and Bear, 2008; Ebert and Greenberg, 2013).