TLR4 and cystic fibrosis: In this regard, in a previous work in our laboratory we have shown that in TLR4-activated CF (pre-activated with LPS, and consequently), IFN-β activates the STAT2 and/or STAT3 proteins, producing an anti-inflammatory effect reducing the secretion of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1 and IP10 (Bolivar et al., 2018).