ACTA2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Further, mechanotransduction pathways are also altered as shown in the up-regulated levels of COX-2, cPLA2, PTGES, YAP, TAZ, ACTA2 in fibroblasts which leads to increased expression and deposition of ECM proteins such as COL-1A1and FBLN1 that form fibrotic lesions in IPF, COPD and asthma [12, 102, 109–111, 118, 124].