TNF and diabetes mellitus: Beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists have considerable anti-inflammatory effects on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs); this was confirmed by the inhibition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- or liposaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α production in rat BMMs as well as diabetes-induced TNF-α production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [12].