ESM1 and atrial fibrillation: Reflecting the clinically suspected multifactorial aetiology of AF in unselected patients27,28, 9 of the 12 biomarkers tested showed elevated blood concentrations in patients with AF in our study (ANGPT2, BMP10, CA125, ESM1, FABP3, FGF23, GDF15, IGFBP7, and NTproBNP), confirming prior reports.