These findings give credence to the notion that, via involvement of hapten-carrier like transglutaminase-gluten peptide complexes, TG3-specific B cells can receive help from gluten-specific T cells to become TG3-antibody producing plasma cells, much like TG2-specific B cells in celiac disease can receive help from gluten-specific T cells to become TG2-antibody producing plasma cells15. The gene discussed is TGM2; the disease is celiac disease.