In the univariate logistic regression models, we found that Cer d18:1/24:1 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.04–1.29], P = 0.007) and total ceramides (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.00-1.06], P = 0.033) contributed to the presence of the MUO phenotype in obesity (Fig. 3). The gene discussed is CBLN1; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.