Additionally, the serum levels of TNF-α (Fig. 1c and Table 1) and IL-6 (Fig. 1b and Table 1) were significantly higher in the GDM group (24.669 ± 10.417 pg/ml and 9.685 ± 3.575 pg/ml, respectively) than in the control group (14.470 ± 6.302 pg/ml and 5.846 ± 3.203  pg/ml, P < 0.0001 for both comparisons, respectively). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and gestational diabetes.