TNF and gestational diabetes: In women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, a significant and positive correlation was found between CCN5 serum levels and BMI (r = 0.251, P = 0.019), FBS (r = 0.273, P = 0.010), insulin (r = 0.369, P < 0.0001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.424, P < 0.0001), as well as IL-6 and TNF-α levels (r = 0.340, P = 0.001 and r = 0.253, P = 0.018, respectively).