We also found novel associations of DPP9 sQTL, rs12610495:G > A, which increases the excision of the intron junction at chr19:4,714,337-4,717,615 by 0.26 SD in lung (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Fig. 1C), with protection against all three adverse COVID-19 outcomes (OR: 0.39, 0.35–0.44, p = 3.1 × 10−51 for critical illness, OR: 0.56, 0.52–0.61, p = 4.2 × 10−41 for hospitalization, and OR: 0.82, 0.79–0.86, p = 1.8 × 10−22 for reported infection, Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene DPP9 and infection.