In addition, previous GWAS studies have shown that several vegetarianism-associated genes that we identified, including TMEM241, NPC1, RMC1, RIOK3, VRK2, and TMEM132D, are associated with markers of lipid metabolism and obesity such as triglyceride levels, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, BMI, waist circumference, body fat, and others (S2 and S8 Tables). This evidence concerns the gene TMEM132D and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.