ERN1 and melanoma: Activated ERS may also activate NF-κB and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) through the IRE1α–TRAF2 pathway, which leads to MDR; therefore, the use of IAP antagonists can enhance the effectiveness of melanoma therapy (El-Khattouti et al., 2016; Bai et al., 2021; Kong et al., 2022).