VEGFA and liver cancer: GSEA of KEGG pathways on the DEGs between high and low autophagy-related score groups in liver cancer patients in TCGA revealed that MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle, mTOR signaling pathway, wnt signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and NOTCH signaling pathway were significantly enriched (Fig. 8B).