TGFB1 and neoplasm: Multiple signaling pathways were implicated as active predominantly in pre- but not post-vaccine samples, including pathways such as APRIL 55, which is known to promote B- or plasma cell survival, and others with known roles supporting tumor cell proliferation in solid cancers, such as RESISTIN 56,57, VEGF 58, and IL-10 59, TGFβ and BMP60 (Fig. 3C).