NPC1 and infection: Less explored are the roles of NPC components in virulence and infection, e.g., Leishmania, an intracellular protozoan parasite, uses the metalloprotease GP63 to degrade host Nups and nuclear receptors, altering the composition of the infected host cell [143, 144], while Theileria annulata, a bovine intracellular pathogen, recruits NPC components of the host cell to the surface to form porous structures of unknown function [145].