MARCO and infection: 1 indicates a relatively low level, which may be attributed to the low expression of the CAR receptor on hDPSCs. It is worth noting that there are alternative mechanisms for recombinant adenoviruses to enter host cells, such as αvβ5 integrin [29], HSPG, VCAM-1, MHC-Iα2 [30], MARCO [31], and others. Moreover, determining the optimal infection duration is essential. Figure 1A demonstrates a positive correlation between adenovirus-armed exogenous EGFP expression level in hDPSCs and the infection time.