IL4 and viral infectious disease: Helminths affect subsequent bacterial or viral infections by activating IL-4 signaling pathways [33, 34, 45], including in myeloid cells resulting in their altered transcriptional profile and upregulation of proteins (arginase-1 (Arg-1), chitinase-3-like protein 3, Resistin-like molecule (Relm) α and CD206 (mannose receptor) that decrease inflammatory responses and promote wound healing [68, 69].