Notably, oral supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila restored the efficiency of PD-1 blockade by expanding T cells22, gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism inhibited liver cancer progression by increasing NKT cell activity23, and microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) enhanced the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells and improved cancer immunotherapy24,25. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.