TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity is associated with WAT inflammation, which is characterized by an increased infiltration of macrophages and elevated secretion of several cytokines and chemokines from both macrophages and adipocytes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [40].