The results obtained with these methods provided a better understanding of complex civilization diseases, e.g., cancer or cardiomyopathy4 and allowed the identification of a large number of mutations in novel genes potentially responsible for the NOA phenotype, such as TEX11 (testis-expressed 11)5,6, M1AP (meiosis 1-associated protein)7, TDRD9 (Tudor domain-containing 9)8, GCNA (germ-cell nuclear antigen)9, GTF2H3 (general transcription factor TFIIH subunit 3)10, MEIOB (meiosis specific with OB-fold)5, and MEI1 (meiotic double-stranded break formation protein 1)5. This evidence concerns the gene GCNA and cancer.