HMGB1 and kidney disorder: Although the important role of HMGB1 in kidney disease has been elegantly described in several reviews88, 89, recent research advances suggest that HMGB1 plays an important role in kidney disease, especially in CKD, including kidney inflammation, fibrosis, ageing, AKI-to-CKD transition, vascular calcification, and renal replacement therapy, anticipating that strategies to block the interaction between HMGB1 and its receptor may be effective in preventing the development of CKD (Figure 5).