Here, the main tumor-promoting cytokines released by MDSCs, VEGF, HGF, IL-6, and IL-23 were detected, and the results showed that only IL-23 levels were significantly increased in the supernatant of MDSCs cultured with PA+MC-38-CM as well as in implanted colorectal cancer loaded with P. anaerobius. Here, VEGFA is linked to colorectal cancer.