It is worth noting that although supplementation of certain bacteria can synergize immunotherapies, bacteria such as F. nucleatum, have been reported to be positively associated with the recurrence of CRC after chemotherapy by promoting chemoresistance, as well as increasing proliferation and invasive activities of CRC cell lines via activation of TLR4 and MYD88 signaling (142, 143). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.