TGFB1 and neoplasm: It has been well reported that TGFβ treatment contributed to T-cell exclusion and attenuated tumor response to PD-L1 inhibition, while combined therapy with TGFβ-blocking antibody and anti-PD-1 drug reduced TGFβ signaling in stromal cells, facilitated T-cell penetration into the tumor core, and provoked vigorous antitumor immunity and tumor regression (15).