MMP9 and adenocarcinoma: One study assessed a single biomarker (serum matrix metalloproteinase 9) with age, sex, symptoms, white blood cell count, lifestyle factors and hypertension, and reported adequate discrimination for the prediction of colorectal neoplasia (defined as presence of adenocarcinoma or HRA) (internal validation AUC = 0.73),59 but did not undertake external validation.