MTOR and cancer: The emerging data has suggested that the mTOR signal is frequently altered in approximately 30% of cancers.23,84 The activation of the mTOR pathway is dependent in three different ways (1) the activating mutations in the mTOR, and mTORC1/2 or mutations in upstream genes lead to hyperactivation of the mTOR signaling(2) overexpression/amplification of the components of mTORC1 and mTORC2 (3) loss of function of negative regulators in the mTOR signaling cascade.85 The gain of the function mutations in the kinase domain of mTOR can directly activate the mTOR pathway.