EPRS1 and infection: Consistent with these findings, EPRS1-deficient cells showed considerable attenuation of the production of antiviral cytokines such as IFN-β and IL-6 following RNA virus infection or treatment with the synthetic double-stranded RNA poly(I:C); however, these outcomes were not observed following infection with herpes simplex virus, indicating that EPRS1 positively regulates antiviral innate immune responses, specifically those directed against RNA viruses.