After categorization of tumors with detectable immunostaining for at least one of Upk1a/Upk1b or GATA3 as luminal and of “triple negative” tumors as non-luminal, the luminal phenotype was associated with nodal metastasis (p = 0.0035), positive lymph vessel status (p = 0.0019), and blood vessel invasion (p = 0.0278) in pT2-4 carcinomas (Table 2). Associations with clinical outcome were not observed if the entire cohort was analyzed (Fig. 4A). Here, UPK1A is linked to carcinoma.