Furthermore, recent work using established lung cancer cell lines has also shown that co-application of TTFields with radiation and/or PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) impart enhanced cell killing effects [39], and PARPi have been shown to successfully cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enable therapeutically effective doses at glioma tumour sites in patients [48]. Here, PARP1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.