TNF and Sepsis: Our findings on IL-6 levels are contrast with some prior research showing that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction enhances IL-6 production during sepsis [12, 36], whereas we observed that anti-PD-L1 antibody suppressed both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in this work, which is consistent with previous reports [37, 38].