TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In studies of rheumatoid arthritis [RA], another IMID with licensed anti-TNF therapies, increases in type I interferon-regulated gene expression in blood after infliximab treatment were associated with poor clinical response [discovery n = 15, validation n = 18].52 A systematic review of our study with other studies reporting similar associations between interferon pathway genes and anti-TNF response would not only help resolve the direction of effect, if any, but also provide an opportunity to consider the shared biology of anti-TNF response in IBD, RA, and other IMIDs.