TNF and gout: However, significantly positive correlations were detected among the key bacterial taxa (i.e., Parasutterella and Alistipes), UA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MPO, as well as the levels of four metabolic pathways (i.e., lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, riboflavin metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism) in gout mice (Figure 7A).